Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa): A Comprehensive Guide to Its Botanical Description, Medicinal Properties, and Future Perspectives

Introduction:

Kutki, scientifically known as Picrorhiza kurroa, is a perennial herbaceous plant that holds significant importance in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Ayurveda. It is native to the alpine regions of the Himalayas, where it thrives in rocky, mountainous terrains.

With a long history of traditional use, Kutki has gained recognition for its medicinal properties and therapeutic applications. Its roots and rhizomes are the most commonly used parts, known for their bitter taste and potent medicinal compounds.

Kutki has been traditionally employed in Ayurvedic medicine to support liver health and treat various ailments related to the digestive, respiratory, and immune systems. It is believed to possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties.

The historical background of Kutki reveals its significance in traditional medicine practices. For centuries, it has been used by local communities in the Himalayas for its healing properties. In Ayurveda, Kutki is considered a valuable herb for promoting liver function and treating conditions such as jaundice, hepatitis, and liver disorders. It is also utilized in formulations aimed at respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, as well as digestive disorders such as indigestion and constipation.

Unique characteristics of Kutki include its ability to thrive in harsh alpine environments and its resistance to extreme weather conditions. It is a small perennial plant, typically reaching a height of 15 to 30 centimeters. The leaves are lance-shaped, glossy, and arranged in a rosette pattern. Kutki produces small, tubular flowers that are pale purple or white. However, it is the underground parts, specifically the roots and rhizomes, that contain the highest concentration of active constituents responsible for its medicinal properties.

As modern scientific research continues to explore the potential of Kutki, its unique bioactive compounds have attracted attention. The major active constituents identified in Kutki include iridoid glycosides (such as picroside I and II), kutkoside, and kutkisterol. These compounds are believed to contribute to the herb's therapeutic effects, including its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immune-modulating activities.

Overall, Kutki stands as a remarkable herb with a rich history and a range of traditional uses. Its significant medicinal properties and bioactive constituents make it an intriguing subject for further scientific investigation and a promising candidate for the development of new therapeutic interventions.

Botanical Description:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a small perennial herb that possesses distinct physical characteristics. Here is a description of its appearance, habitat, distribution, and notable features:

Size, Shape, and Color:

·        Kutki typically grows to a height of 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches).

·        It has a compact and bushy growth habit, forming a rosette of leaves close to the ground.

·        The stems of Kutki are short and erect, supporting the leafy rosette.

Habitat and Distribution:

·        Kutki is native to the alpine regions of the Himalayas, including parts of India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

·        It thrives in high-altitude environments, often found in rocky, mountainous terrains.

·        The herb prefers well-drained soil and cool, temperate climates.

Leaves:

·        The leaves of Kutki are lance-shaped or oblong, with a smooth and glossy texture.

·        They are arranged in a basal rosette, meaning they emerge from the base of the plant in a circular pattern.

·        The leaves have prominent veins and can range in color from dark green to light green.

Flowers:

·        Kutki produces small, tubular flowers that grow on slender stalks.

·        The flowers are typically pale purple or white in color.

·        They form dense, cylindrical spikes or racemes at the top of the stem.

·        The flowering period for Kutki usually occurs during the summer months.

Root Structure:

·        The root system of Kutki is well-developed and consists of thick, fleshy roots and rhizomes.

·        The underground parts, particularly the roots and rhizomes, are the main storage sites for the herb's active constituents.

·        The roots and rhizomes of Kutki are bitter in taste and are harvested for medicinal purposes.

 

Distinctive features of Kutki include its ability to thrive in high-altitude regions, its rosette-like growth habit, and the bitter taste of its roots and rhizomes. The lance-shaped leaves and tubular flowers further add to its unique visual appeal. These physical characteristics, combined with the herb's medicinal properties, make Kutki a notable botanical specimen and an important herb in traditional medicine systems.

Traditional and Medicinal Uses:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) has a long history of traditional use in various cultures and indigenous systems of medicine. It is highly regarded for its medicinal properties and has been employed to treat a range of health conditions. Here are some traditional uses of Kutki and the medicinal properties attributed to it:

Liver Disorders:

·        Kutki has been traditionally used to support liver health and treat liver disorders such as jaundice, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis.

·        It is believed to possess hepatoprotective properties, helping to protect the liver from damage and promoting its regeneration.

Digestive System Disorders:

·        Kutki is used in traditional medicine to improve digestion, treat indigestion, and alleviate conditions like dyspepsia and constipation.

·        It is believed to stimulate the production of digestive enzymes and promote healthy bowel movements.

Respiratory Ailments:

·        Kutki has a history of use in respiratory conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and allergies.

·        It is believed to possess anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.

Immune-Modulating Effects:

·        Kutki is traditionally believed to have immune-boosting properties, helping to strengthen the body's natural defense mechanisms.

·        It is often used in traditional formulations aimed at enhancing immune function and preventing infections.

 

Scientific studies and research have supported some of the claimed benefits of Kutki. Here are a few examples:

 

Hepatoprotective Properties:

A study published demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of Kutki in animal models, showing its potential to protect the liver against chemical-induced damage and promote liver cell regeneration.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity:

Research published investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Kutki in animal models and found that it significantly reduced inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and pathways.

Antioxidant Effects:

A study published evaluated the antioxidant activity of Kutki and its ability to scavenge free radicals. The findings suggested that Kutki possesses potent antioxidant properties, which can help protect cells from oxidative damage.

 

These studies, along with others, provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional uses of Kutki and its various medicinal properties. However, further research is necessary to explore its mechanisms of action, optimize dosage regimens, and investigate its potential in treating specific health conditions.

Active Constituents:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) contains several major active constituents that contribute to its medicinal properties. Here are the key compounds found in Kutki and their potential pharmacological actions:

Iridoid Glycosides:

·        The major active compounds in Kutki are iridoid glycosides, particularly picroside I and picroside II.

·        Iridoid glycosides are known for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

·        These compounds exhibit protective effects on liver cells, reducing liver damage and promoting liver regeneration.

·        They also possess anti-inflammatory properties, inhibiting inflammatory mediators and pathways in the body.

·        Additionally, iridoid glycosides in Kutki have antioxidant effects, helping to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress.

Kutkoside:

·        Kutkoside is another important compound found in Kutki.

·        It contributes to the herb's hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.

·        Kutkoside has been shown to protect liver cells from various toxins and chemicals, thereby supporting liver health and function.

·        It also exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the production of inflammatory molecules and modulating immune responses.

Kutkisterol:

·        Kutkisterol is a unique bioactive compound found in Kutki.

·        It possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

·        Kutkisterol has been studied for its ability to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the activity of inflammatory enzymes and molecules.

·        It also exhibits immunomodulatory effects by influencing immune cell function and enhancing immune responses.

 

These active constituents present in Kutki collectively contribute to its therapeutic properties. The iridoid glycosides, including picroside I and picroside II, are considered the main bioactive compounds responsible for its hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Kutkoside and kutkisterol further enhance these properties, providing additional anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions.

It is important to note that Kutki contains a complex mixture of active compounds, and the synergistic interactions between these constituents may contribute to its overall therapeutic efficacy. Further research is needed to fully understand the chemical composition of Kutki and the precise mechanisms by which its active constituents exert their pharmacological actions.

Health Benefits and Therapeutic Applications:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) has been associated with various health benefits, supported by scientific evidence. Its traditional uses align with its therapeutic applications in modern research. Here are specific health benefits of Kutki and the conditions for which it is commonly used:

Liver Health and Disorders:

·        Kutki is widely recognized for its hepatoprotective properties, helping to support liver health and treat liver disorders.

·        Scientific studies have shown that Kutki can protect liver cells from damage caused by toxins, chemicals, and oxidative stress.

·        It promotes liver regeneration, aiding in the recovery from liver diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, and liver cirrhosis.

Inflammatory Conditions:

·        Kutki exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, making it useful in managing various inflammatory conditions.

·        It can help reduce inflammation in conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and allergies.

·        The active compounds in Kutki, particularly iridoid glycosides and kutkisterol, inhibit inflammatory mediators and pathways, leading to decreased inflammation.

Digestive Disorders:

·        Kutki has traditionally been used to improve digestion and treat digestive issues such as indigestion, dyspepsia, and constipation.

·        It stimulates the production of digestive enzymes, facilitating proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.

·        Kutki also supports healthy bowel movements, relieving constipation and promoting regularity.

Respiratory Conditions:

·        Kutki is employed in the management of respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis.

·        Its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties help reduce airway inflammation and improve respiratory function.

·        By modulating immune responses, Kutki may alleviate symptoms associated with respiratory conditions.

Mechanisms of Action:

The therapeutic effects of Kutki are attributed to its active constituents, including iridoid glycosides, kutkoside, and kutkisterol. These compounds exert their actions through various mechanisms:

Hepatoprotection:

·        Iridoid glycosides and kutkoside in Kutki protect liver cells by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting liver damage, and promoting liver cell regeneration.

·        They enhance the antioxidant defense system and decrease the production of inflammatory molecules in the liver.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity:

·        The iridoid glycosides, kutkoside, and kutkisterol present in Kutki possess anti-inflammatory properties.

·        They inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandins, and modulate immune responses to reduce inflammation.

Immunomodulation:

·        Kutki's active constituents, particularly kutkisterol, exhibit immunomodulatory effects by influencing immune cell function.

·        They enhance the activity of immune cells, promoting a balanced immune response and potentially enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.

 

It is worth noting that the mechanisms of action of Kutki are complex and multifaceted, involving interactions between its active constituents and various biological pathways. Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms in greater detail and explore additional therapeutic applications of Kutki.

Safety and Precautions:

While Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is generally considered safe when used appropriately, it is important to be aware of certain safety considerations and side effects. Here are some points to consider:

Side Effects: Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to Kutki. If any signs of an allergic reaction occur, such as rash, itching, or swelling, discontinue use and seek medical attention.

Drug Interactions and Contraindications: Kutki may interact with certain medications. It is important to consult a healthcare professional before using Kutki if you are taking any medications.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women: Pregnant and breastfeeding women are generally advised to avoid the use of Kutki due to limited safety data. It is recommended to consult a healthcare professional before using Kutki during pregnancy or lactation.

As with any herbal supplement or medicine, it is important to exercise caution, especially if you have underlying medical conditions or are taking other medications. Consulting a healthcare professional or a qualified herbalist before using Kutki is recommended to ensure its safe and appropriate use for your specific circumstances.

Current Research and Future Perspectives:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) continues to be an active area of research, and recent studies have explored its potential applications and mechanisms of action. Here are some ongoing research trends and potential future uses of Kutki:

Anticancer Potential:

·        Recent studies have investigated the anticancer properties of Kutki and its active constituents.

·        Preclinical studies suggest that Kutki extracts and compounds exhibit cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines, including liver, lung, colon, and breast cancer.

·        Further research is needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying Kutki's potential anticancer effects and to explore its potential as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment.

Neuroprotective Effects:

·        Emerging research indicates that Kutki may have neuroprotective properties.

·        Animal studies have shown that Kutki extracts can protect against neurodegenerative conditions by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal damage.

·        Further investigation is required to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of Kutki and evaluate its potential in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Antimicrobial Activity:

·        Kutki has been traditionally used for its antimicrobial properties, and recent studies have supported this claim.

·        In vitro studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of Kutki extracts against various bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains (Mishra et al., 2020).

·        Future research could explore the specific mechanisms of action and potential applications of Kutki as an alternative or adjuvant therapy in combating microbial infections.

 

Areas that Require Further Investigation:

Despite the progress in Kutki research, there are still gaps in knowledge that require further investigation:

Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability:

·        Limited information is available on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of Kutki's active constituents in the human body.

·        Studying the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Kutki compounds will provide insights into optimal dosing regimens and formulations.

Clinical Trials:

·        Conducting well-designed clinical trials is essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Kutki in humans.

·        Rigorous clinical studies are needed to explore its therapeutic potential in specific conditions, determine appropriate dosages, and assess potential drug interactions.

Synergistic Effects and Formulations:

·        Kutki is often used in combination with other herbs or formulations in traditional medicine.

·        Investigating the synergistic effects of Kutki in combination with other herbs or drugs will provide a better understanding of its therapeutic potential and optimize its use.

 

Continued research efforts in these areas will enhance our understanding of Kutki's mechanisms of action, expand its potential applications, and provide scientific evidence to support its traditional uses in various health conditions.

Conclusion:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a medicinal plant that holds significant importance in traditional medicine systems. Throughout this article, we have explored various aspects of Kutki, highlighting its botanical description, traditional uses, active constituents, health benefits, mechanisms of action, safety considerations, and ongoing research.

Kutki has been traditionally used for its hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and digestive properties. Scientific studies have provided evidence supporting its therapeutic applications in liver disorders, inflammatory conditions, respiratory ailments, and digestive disorders. The active constituents in Kutki, including iridoid glycosides, kutkoside, and kutkisterol, contribute to its pharmacological effects, such as hepatoprotection, anti-inflammatory activity, and immunomodulation.

While Kutki is generally safe when used appropriately, it is essential to follow recommended dosage guidelines and consider potential interactions with medications. Further research is needed to explore emerging trends and potential uses of Kutki, including its anticancer potential, neuroprotective effects, antimicrobial activity, and standardization of quality control measures.

Kutki holds great promise as a medicinal plant with multiple health benefits, and continued exploration and research are crucial for a deeper understanding of its therapeutic properties. Further investigations, including clinical trials, pharmacokinetics studies, and formulation research, will contribute to unlocking the full potential of Kutki and its integration into evidence-based healthcare practices.

In conclusion, Kutki stands as a valuable botanical resource with a rich history of traditional use and growing scientific evidence supporting its medicinal properties. Its significance as a potential natural remedy warrants further exploration and research to fully harness its therapeutic potential and improve human health and well-being.

Ayurvedic Products Utilizing Kutki:

Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is a valuable herb that finds its way into various Ayurvedic formulations and herbal products. Here are some examples of products that incorporate Kutki as an ingredient:

Elz-pure 200 ml - Ayurvedic Blood Purifier:

·        Elz-pure is an herbal formulation that includes Kutki along with other beneficial herbs.

·        It is specifically designed as an Ayurvedic blood purifier, aiming to support healthy blood circulation and detoxification.

Elzym-L - Ayurvedic Enzyme and Liver Tonic:

·        Elzym-L is an Ayurvedic formulation that combines the benefits of Kutki with enzymes and liver-supporting herbs.

·        It is formulated to promote healthy liver function and support enzyme activity in the body.

Elzym - Ayurvedic Digestive and Enzyme Syrup:

·        Elzym is an Ayurvedic syrup that incorporates Kutki and other digestive herbs.

·        It is intended to aid digestion, relieve digestive discomfort, and promote overall digestive wellness.

Fire-up - Ayurvedic Appetizer:

·        Fire-up is an Ayurvedic formulation that includes Kutki among its ingredients.

·        It is formulated to enhance appetite and improve digestion, making it suitable for individuals with poor appetite or weak digestion.

Heptoliv Plus - Ayurvedic Liver Tonic:

·        Heptoliv Plus is available in 200 ml, 450 ml, and 100 ml variants, all serving as Ayurvedic liver tonics.

·        These formulations contain Kutki and other herbs known for their hepatoprotective properties, supporting liver health and detoxification.

Slimzac Tablets - Ayurvedic Slimming Tablets:

·        Slimzac tablets incorporate Kutki and other herbs known for their potential benefits in weight management.

·        They are designed to support healthy weight loss and metabolism within the context of Ayurvedic principles.

Utizac - Ayurvedic Uterine Tonic:

·        Utizac is an Ayurvedic uterine tonic that includes Kutki as one of its key ingredients.

·        It is formulated to support female reproductive health and promote balanced hormonal function.

Pilzac Tablets - Ayurvedic Piles Tablets:

·        Pilzac tablets are Ayurvedic formulations that utilize Kutki and other herbs traditionally used in managing piles (hemorrhoids).

·        They are aimed at providing relief from symptoms associated with piles and promoting healthy bowel function.

 

It is important to note that the specific composition, dosage, and usage instructions of these products may vary. Consumers are advised to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturers and consult healthcare professionals or Ayurvedic practitioners for personalized guidance.

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Adraka (Zingiber Officinale), Agar Agar (Gelidium Amansii), Ajamoda (Carum Roxburghianum), Ajwain (Trachyspermum Ammi), Aloevera (Aloe Barbadensis), Alsi (Linum Usitatissimum), Amaltaas (Cassia Fistula), Amla (Emblica Officinalis), Amrapandhi haridra (Curcuma Amada) , Ananthamoola (Hemidesmus Indicus), Apamarg (Achyranthes Aspera), Arand Beej (Ricinus Communis), Arjun (Terminalia Arjuna), Ashoka (Saraca Indica), Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera), Atibala         (Abutilon Indicum), Babool Gond (Acaia Arabica), Bael / Belpatre (Aegle Marmelos), Bahera (Terminalia Bellirica), Bansa (Adhatoda Vasica), Bavding (Embelia Ribes), Bharangi (Clerodendrum Serratum), Bhringaraj (Eclipta Alba), Bhuiamla (Phyllanthus Niruri), Bhutrina (Cymbopogon Citrastus), Bola (Commiphora Myrrha), Brahmi (Herpestis Monniera), Chandrashoor (Lepidium Sativum), Chameli (Jasminum Officinale), Chirayta (Swertia Chirata), Chirongi Oil (Buchanania Latifolia), Chitra (Plumbago Zeylanica), Dadima Beej (Punica Granatum), Dalchini  (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum), Daruhaldi (Berberis Aristate), Devdaru (Cedrus Deodara), Dhataki (Woodfordia Fruticosa), Draksha (Vitis Vinifera), Gairik (Ochre), Gajar (Daucus Carota), Gali Pan / Paan (Betel Pepper), Gandhpura Oil (Gaultheria Fragrantissima), Garlic Shuddha (Allium Sativum), Goat Milk, Wheat Grass Oil (Triticum Sativum), Gokharu (Tribulus Terrestris), Gorakhganja (Aerva Lanata), Gudmar (Gymnema Sylvestre), Guduchi (Tinosora Cordifolia), Gulab (Rosa Centifolia), Gular (Ficus Glomerata Roxb.), Hadjod (Cissus Quadranglaris), Haldi (Curcuma Longa), Hansraj  (Adiantum Lunulatum), Harad (Terminalia Chebula), Harshingar (Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis), Hingu (Ferula Ashafoetida), Honey, Indrajaw (Holarrhena Antidysenterica), Ispaghul Husk (Plantago Ovata), Jaiphal (Myristica Fragrans), Jamun (Eugenia Jambolana), Jarul (Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae Retz), Jatamansi (Nardostachys Jatamansi), Java Kushum (Hibiscus Rosasinensis), Jeera (Cuminum Cyminum), Jyotishmati (Celastrus Paniculatus), Kakarsingi (Pistacia Integerrima), Kali Mirach (Piper Nigrum), Kallaungi (Nigella Sativa), Kalmegh (Andrographis Peniculata), Kantkari (Solanum Xanthocarpum), Kapoor (Cinnamomum Camphora), Kapoor Tulsi (Ocimum Americanum), Karanja (Pongamia Glabra), Karela (Momordica Charantia), Kasni (Cichorium Intybus), Kaunch Beej (Mucuna Pruriens), Khadir (Acacia Catechu), Khatmi (Althaea Officinalis), Kiwi (Actinidia Deliciosa), Kulattha (Dolichos Biflorus), Kumkum/Kesar (Crocus Sativas), Kuth (Saussurea Costus), Kutki (Picrorhiza Kurroa), Lajjalu Mool (Mimosa Pudica), Laksha (Laccifer Lacca), Lal Chandan (Pterocarpus Santalinus), Lata Karanj (Caesalpinia Bonducella Fleming), Lavang (Caryophyllus Aromaticus), Lodhra (Symplocos Racemosa), Makoy (Solanum Nigrum), Manjishtha (Rubia Cordifolia), Mehandi Pan (Lawsonia Alba), Methi (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum), Mooli (Raphanus Sativus), Mulethi (Glycyrrhiza Glabra), Mundi (Sphaeranthus Indicus), Mustaka (Cyperus Rotundus), Nagar Moth (Cyperus Scariosus), Nagbala (Sida Veronicaefolia), Nagkesar (Mesua Ferrea), Naryan/Coconut Oil (Cocos Nucifera) , Neem (Azadirachta Indica), Nilgiri Oil (Eucalyptus Glabulus), Nimbu (Citrus Limon), Nirgundi (Vitex Negundo), Nisoth (Ipomoea Turpethum), Oyester Shell, Padmaka (Prunus Puddum), Palash (Butea Frondosa), Papaya (Carica Papaya), Pashanh Bedh (Coleus Aromaticus), Pipal (Ficus Religiosa), Pipli (Piper Longum), Pitpara (Fumaria Officinalis), Pudina (Mentha Piperata), Punarnava (Boerhaavia Diffusa), Pushkar Mool (Inula Racemosa), Rama Tulsi (Ocimum Gratissimum), Rasana (Pluchea Lanceolata), Revand Chini (Rheum Emodi), Roheda (Tecomella Undulata), Rosary Tulsi (Ocimum Canum), Saindhav Lavan (Chloride of Sodium), Salaki (Boswellia Serrata), Sanay (Cassia Angustifolia), Saunf (Foeniculum Vulgare), Sevam (Pyrus Malus), Shankpushpi (Convolvulus Pluricaulis), Sharpunkha (Tephrosia Purpurea), Shatavari (Asparagus Racemosus), Shetal Chini (Piper Cubeba), Shigru (Moringa Pterygosperma), Shudh Kuchla (Strychnos Nux Vomica Linn), Shyama Tulsi (Ocimum Tenuiflorum), Shyonak (Oroxylum Indicum), Siras (Albizzia Lebbeck Benth), Somlata (Ephedra Vulgaris), Soya Been Oil (Glycine Max), St John's Wort Ext. (Hypericum Perforatum), Sudh Guggul (Balsamodendron Mukul), Sudh Shilajeet (Asphaltum Punjabinum),  Sukshmela (Elettaria Cardamomum), Suranjan Siri (Colchicum Luteum), Svet Chandan (Santalum Album), Svet Moosali (Asparagus Adscenden), Tagar (Valeriana Wallichii), Tejpatra (Cinnamomum Tamala), Terpentine Oil (Pinus Palustris), Til Oil (Sesamum Indicum), Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum), Ulathkamal (Ambroma Augusta), Vach (Acorus Calamus), Vidari (Pueraria Tuberosa), Van Tulsi (Ocimum Basilicum), Varuna (Crataeva Nurvala), Vijaysaar (Pterocarpus Marsupium), Zoofa (Hyssopus Officinalis)