Introduction:
Rasna, scientifically known as Pluchea lanceolata, is a
versatile medicinal plant that has been used for centuries in various
traditional healing systems. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is native
to India, Southeast Asia, and parts of Africa. Rasna is a perennial herb that
thrives in tropical and subtropical regions, known for its therapeutic
properties and extensive traditional uses.
Throughout history, Rasna has held a significant place in
traditional medicine due to its diverse range of health benefits. The plant's
various parts, including leaves, stems, and roots, are utilized for their
medicinal properties. In Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, Rasna
is highly regarded for its ability to balance the doshas and promote overall
wellness.
Traditional uses of Rasna encompass a wide spectrum of
ailments and conditions. It has been traditionally employed as an analgesic,
anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, and digestive aid. Rasna has been used to
alleviate joint pain, muscular stiffness, arthritis, and rheumatic disorders. It
is also known for its digestive properties, helping to ease indigestion,
flatulence, and abdominal discomfort.
The medicinal significance of Rasna extends beyond
musculoskeletal and digestive disorders. It has been utilized for its diuretic
properties, aiding in the treatment of urinary tract infections and kidney
stones. Additionally, Rasna has been employed as a febrifuge, helping to reduce
fever and combat common colds.
The traditional uses of Rasna have been passed down through
generations, with communities relying on this medicinal herb for its
therapeutic effects. In recent years, there has been growing scientific
interest in Rasna, leading to research aimed at validating its traditional uses
and exploring its potential in modern healthcare.
With its rich historical and cultural heritage as a
medicinal plant, Rasna continues to captivate the attention of researchers and
health enthusiasts alike. The exploration of its bioactive compounds,
mechanisms of action, and potential applications holds promise for unlocking
new therapeutic avenues. As we delve deeper into the realm of natural remedies,
Rasna stands as a remarkable plant with immense potential for improving human
health and well-being.
Botanical Description:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) is a perennial herb that displays
distinct physical characteristics. It typically grows up to a height of 1 to 2
meters (3 to 6 feet) and has a well-branched, erect stem. The stem is
cylindrical, sturdy, and covered with a rough texture. The plant's overall
appearance is bushy and dense, with multiple stems arising from the base.
Rasna is predominantly found in tropical and subtropical
regions, thriving in a variety of habitats. It prefers moist environments and
is commonly found near water bodies such as marshes, riverbanks, and wetlands.
The plant has a wide geographical distribution, primarily found in countries
like India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and
parts of Africa.
The leaves of Rasna are one of its distinguishing features.
They are lanceolate in shape, elongated, and tapering towards the apex,
resembling a spearhead. The leaves are dark green in color and have a smooth,
glossy texture. They are arranged alternately along the stems and emit a
pleasant aroma when crushed.
Rasna produces small, inconspicuous flowers that are
clustered together in dense inflorescences. The flowers are typically light
purple or lavender in color, although variations such as white or pink flowers
have been reported. The inflorescences are arranged in terminal or axillary
clusters and can be quite showy when in full bloom.
Following pollination, Rasna produces small, dry fruits
known as achenes. Each achene contains a single seed and is equipped with a
fluffy, white pappus that aids in wind dispersal. The plant's root system is
well-developed, consisting of a network of fibrous roots that anchor the plant
in the soil and facilitate nutrient uptake.
Rasna's botanical features, including its lanceolate leaves,
clustered flowers, and fibrous roots, contribute to its identification and
recognition. These distinctive characteristics, combined with its adaptability
to various habitats, make Rasna a recognizable and noteworthy species in the
botanical world.
Traditional Uses:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) has a long history of traditional
use in various cultures and traditional medicinal systems. Its therapeutic
properties have been recognized and utilized for centuries, contributing to its
historical significance in the realm of herbal medicine.
In Ayurveda, Rasna holds a prominent place as a medicinal
herb. It is considered a valuable herb for its ability to pacify Vata and Kapha
doshas, two of the three fundamental energies or doshas in Ayurvedic
philosophy. Rasna is traditionally used to alleviate joint and muscular
disorders, making it a key ingredient in formulations for arthritis,
rheumatism, gout, and general body aches.
The traditional use of Rasna extends beyond musculoskeletal
health. It is believed to possess digestive properties, aiding in the treatment
of indigestion, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort. Rasna is also valued for
its diuretic effects, assisting in the management of urinary tract infections,
kidney stones, and other urinary disorders.
In Indian traditional systems, Rasna is often used in the
form of decoctions, powders, or oil preparations. It may be applied topically
as a poultice or used internally as a decoction or infusion. The exact mode of
administration and dosage may vary depending on the specific ailment and the
traditional knowledge of the local culture.
Throughout history, Rasna has been associated with folklore
and legends. In Indian mythology, it is believed that the herb possesses divine
healing properties. According to ancient texts, Rasna was used by the gods to
rejuvenate and heal their injuries. This mythical significance adds to the
plant's aura and reverence in traditional cultures.
Medicinal Properties and Active Constituents:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) possesses a range of medicinal
properties that contribute to its traditional uses and therapeutic potential.
Scientific research has shed light on some of the active constituents present
in Rasna that are responsible for its beneficial effects.
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects:
Rasna is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, which
can help reduce inflammation and alleviate pain. This makes it valuable in the
treatment of various inflammatory conditions, including arthritis and
rheumatism. Studies have shown that Rasna extracts exhibit significant
anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, supporting its traditional use in
pain management and musculoskeletal disorders.
Anti-rheumatic Effects:
Rasna has been traditionally used to alleviate rheumatic
conditions. Research suggests that Rasna extracts possess anti-rheumatic
properties, which may be attributed to its ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory
enzymes, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate immune responses. These effects
contribute to the potential therapeutic benefits of Rasna in managing
rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic disorders.
Antioxidant Activity:
Rasna contains antioxidants that help protect cells from
oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Several studies have reported the
presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and other antioxidants in Rasna
extracts. These antioxidants scavenge free radicals and help maintain cellular
health, potentially offering protective effects against chronic diseases.
Hepatoprotective Effects:
Traditional medicine often employs Rasna for its
hepatoprotective properties. Research has demonstrated the ability of Rasna
extracts to protect the liver against damage caused by toxins, oxidative
stress, and inflammation. The hepatoprotective effects may be attributed to its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting its traditional use in
liver disorders.
Antimicrobial Activity:
Rasna exhibits antimicrobial properties, which have been
validated by scientific studies. The plant extracts have shown inhibitory
effects against various bacteria, including pathogenic strains. This
antimicrobial activity suggests potential applications of Rasna in combating bacterial
infections.
The active constituents responsible for Rasna's medicinal
properties include flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and other
bioactive compounds. These constituents contribute to its anti-inflammatory,
analgesic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects.
Studies, along with others conducted on Rasna, contribute to
the growing body of scientific evidence supporting the traditional uses and
medicinal properties of this versatile plant. However, further research is
still needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and explore its
potential applications in modern medicine.
The reported benefits of Rasna align with its traditional
uses. The herb is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
anti-rheumatic properties. It is believed to help reduce pain, swelling, and
stiffness associated with joint and muscular conditions. Additionally, Rasna is
considered to have detoxifying and antioxidant effects, supporting overall
health and well-being.
While the traditional uses of Rasna have been passed down
through generations, it is important to note that scientific validation is
ongoing. Research studies have been conducted to explore the pharmacological
activities and chemical constituents of Rasna, aiming to bridge the gap between
traditional knowledge and modern evidence-based medicine.
As we continue to uncover the scientific basis behind the
traditional uses of Rasna, this versatile plant continues to hold its place in
traditional medicinal systems, providing potential solutions for various
ailments and enhancing the quality of life for individuals seeking natural
remedies.
Modern Research and Potential Health Benefits:
Recent scientific studies and clinical trials have focused
on investigating the potential health benefits of Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata).
While research on Rasna is still evolving, some promising findings have
emerged, suggesting its therapeutic potential. Here is a summary of recent
research and potential health benefits:
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects:
Studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and
analgesic properties of Rasna extracts. These effects are attributed to the
inhibition of inflammatory mediators and pain pathways, making Rasna a
potential candidate for managing inflammatory conditions and pain-related
disorders.
Anti-arthritic Activity:
Research indicates that Rasna exhibits anti-arthritic
effects, potentially through its ability to suppress pro-inflammatory
cytokines, inhibit enzymes involved in cartilage degradation, and modulate
immune responses. These findings highlight its potential for managing
rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritic conditions.
Immunomodulatory Effects:
Rasna has been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties.
It can modulate immune responses by regulating the production of cytokines and
enhancing the activity of immune cells. This suggests a potential role for
Rasna in immune-related disorders and conditions where immune dysregulation is
involved.
Anti-diabetic Potential:
Some studies have explored the anti-diabetic effects of
Rasna extracts. They have shown the ability to improve glucose tolerance,
enhance insulin sensitivity, and reduce oxidative stress in animal models of
diabetes. These findings suggest Rasna's potential as a natural agent for
diabetes management.
Gastroprotective Properties:
Research has indicated that Rasna possesses gastroprotective
effects, protecting the gastric mucosa against damage caused by factors like
stress, alcohol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These
findings suggest Rasna's potential in preventing and managing gastric ulcers
and other gastrointestinal disorders.
Antimicrobial Activity:
Rasna extracts have exhibited antimicrobial properties
against various pathogenic bacteria and fungi. These antimicrobial effects
suggest potential applications of Rasna in combating infections and supporting
antimicrobial therapies.
Ongoing research and further studies are necessary to
explore the full potential of Rasna and its health benefits.
Methods of Preparation and Administration:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) can be prepared and administered
in various forms, depending on the desired medicinal use. Traditional
preparations often involve decoctions, infusions, or extracts. Here are some
common methods:
Decoction:
In this method, Rasna plant parts such as leaves, stems, or
roots are boiled in water for a specific duration to extract the active
constituents. The resulting decoction is then strained and consumed orally.
Decoctions are commonly used for conditions such as joint pain, arthritis, and
digestive issues.
Infusion:
An infusion is similar to a decoction but involves steeping
the Rasna plant parts in hot water without boiling. This gentle method is
suitable for delicate plant materials and is often used for preparing herbal teas.
Rasna leaf or flower infusions can be consumed as a beverage to support general
well-being or address specific health concerns.
Extracts:
Rasna extracts are concentrated forms of the plant's active
constituents. These extracts can be prepared using various solvents, such as
water, alcohol, or a combination of both. Rasna extracts are available in
liquid, tincture, or powder form. They are typically used for convenient dosage
and can be taken orally or used topically for localized conditions.
Recommended Dosage and Administration:
The recommended dosage and administration guidelines for
Rasna may vary depending on the form of preparation and the specific health
condition being addressed. It is important to consult a qualified healthcare
practitioner or follow traditional guidelines for dosage recommendations.
However, here are some general considerations:
Decoctions: A typical dosage for Rasna decoction is
around 30-60 ml (1-2 ounces) per day, divided into two or three doses. However,
dosage may vary based on individual factors such as age, overall health, and
the severity of the condition being treated.
Infusions: Rasna leaf or flower infusions can be
consumed as a tea. The recommended dosage is usually 1-2 cups per day. Adjust
the strength of the infusion by steeping the plant material in hot water for
5-10 minutes.
Extracts: Dosage instructions for Rasna extracts can
vary depending on the concentration and formulation. It is important to follow
the instructions provided by the manufacturer or consult a healthcare
professional for appropriate dosage recommendations.
Safety Considerations and Potential Side Effects:
Rasna is generally considered safe when used in appropriate
dosages. However, it is important to consider the following safety
considerations:
Allergies: Some individuals may have allergies or
sensitivities to Rasna or plants in the Asteraceae family. If you have known
allergies, it is advisable to exercise caution or avoid using Rasna.
Pregnancy and Lactation: There is limited scientific
information regarding the safety of Rasna during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
It is recommended to consult a healthcare practitioner before using Rasna
during these periods.
Drug Interactions: Rasna may interact with certain
medications. If you are taking any medications, it is advisable to consult a
healthcare professional before using Rasna to avoid potential interactions.
As with any herbal remedy, it is important to use Rasna
under proper guidance and supervision. Consulting a qualified healthcare
practitioner or an Ayurvedic expert will ensure appropriate usage, dosage, and
safety considerations based on individual needs and health conditions.
Current and Future Applications:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) has gained attention in the
pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, and nutraceutical industries due to its
traditional uses and emerging scientific evidence. Here are the current and
potential future applications of Rasna:
Pharmaceutical Industry:
Rasna holds potential as a source of bioactive compounds for
the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and
immunomodulatory properties make it an interesting candidate for the treatment
of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Further research and clinical trials
are needed to validate its efficacy and safety for specific indications.
Some Ayurvedic pharmaceutical
companies have developed products like Orthozac
Gold Tablets, which are Ayurvedic orthocare and pain relief tablets
containing Rasna as an important ingredient. These tablets aim to provide
natural relief from joint pain, inflammation, and related discomfort.
Herbal Medicine:
Rasna continues to be an important herb in traditional
medicine systems, including Ayurveda. It is commonly used in herbal
formulations and Ayurvedic preparations targeting joint disorders, arthritis,
and digestive ailments. Rasna's traditional uses and growing scientific
evidence support its continued use in herbal medicine.
Nutraceutical Industry:
Rasna is being explored for its potential applications in
the nutraceutical industry. Nutraceuticals are products that combine
nutritional and pharmaceutical properties, offering health benefits beyond basic
nutrition. Rasna's antioxidant properties, along with its potential
anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects, make it a potential ingredient
in functional foods, dietary supplements, and health products.
Cosmetics and Personal Care:
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Rasna
make it a potential ingredient in cosmetic and personal care products. It may
be utilized in formulations targeting skin inflammation, oxidative stress, and
aging. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal concentration
and formulation for cosmetic applications.
Agriculture and Crop Protection:
Rasna extracts have shown antimicrobial activity against
pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This potential antimicrobial effect can be
explored in the agricultural sector for crop protection and as an alternative
to synthetic pesticides. Research is ongoing to evaluate the efficacy, safety,
and environmental impact of Rasna-based biopesticides.
Bioremediation:
Some studies suggest that Rasna has the ability to
accumulate heavy metals from contaminated soil. This characteristic opens up
the potential for using Rasna in bioremediation, which is the process of using
living organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from the environment.
Further research is needed to explore this application and determine its
feasibility.
Ongoing research aims to further understand the mechanisms
of action, identify novel bioactive compounds, and explore the potential
applications of Rasna in various fields. Continued scientific investigation
will help unlock the full potential of Rasna and expand its applications in
pharmaceuticals, herbal medicine, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, and
environmental remediation.
Conclusion:
Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata) is a medicinal plant with
significant potential in traditional and modern healthcare. Throughout the
article, we have explored its botanical description, traditional uses,
medicinal properties, active constituents, recent research, methods of
preparation, and potential applications. Here are the key points discussed:
·
Rasna is a plant with lanceolate leaves, small
purple flowers, and a woody stem. It grows in diverse habitats and has a wide
geographical distribution.
·
Rasna has been used traditionally in different
cultures for its medicinal properties. It has a rich history and is often
associated with folklore and legends.
·
The plant exhibits various medicinal properties,
including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-rheumatic, antioxidant,
hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial effects.
·
Rasna contains active constituents such as
flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds that contribute to its
therapeutic properties.
·
Scientific studies support the traditional uses
and medicinal properties of Rasna, including its anti-inflammatory, analgesic,
and immunomodulatory effects.
·
The recommended methods of preparation and
administration include decoctions, infusions, and extracts. Dosage guidelines
should be followed, and safety considerations, such as allergies and potential
drug interactions, should be kept in mind.
·
Current applications of Rasna include its use in
pharmaceuticals, herbal medicine, nutraceuticals, and potentially in cosmetics,
agriculture, and bioremediation.
·
Further research is needed to fully explore the
therapeutic potential of Rasna. Areas of interest include elucidating the
mechanisms of action, conducting clinical trials, standardizing preparations,
and exploring novel formulations.
Rasna holds great promise as a medicinal plant with its
traditional uses and emerging scientific evidence. Its diverse range of
therapeutic properties makes it valuable in addressing various health
conditions. Encouraging further research and exploration of Rasna's potential
will lead to a deeper understanding of its efficacy, safety, and optimal
applications in both traditional and modern healthcare.
Herbs Alphabetical List
Adraka
(Zingiber Officinale), Agar
Agar (Gelidium Amansii), Ajamoda
(Carum Roxburghianum), Ajwain
(Trachyspermum Ammi), Aloevera
(Aloe Barbadensis), Alsi
(Linum Usitatissimum), Amaltaas
(Cassia Fistula), Amla
(Emblica Officinalis), Amrapandhi
haridra (Curcuma Amada) , Ananthamoola
(Hemidesmus Indicus), Apamarg
(Achyranthes Aspera), Arand
Beej (Ricinus Communis), Arjun
(Terminalia Arjuna), Ashoka
(Saraca Indica), Ashwagandha
(Withania Somnifera), Atibala (Abutilon Indicum), Babool
Gond (Acaia Arabica), Bael
/ Belpatre (Aegle Marmelos), Bahera
(Terminalia Bellirica), Bansa
(Adhatoda Vasica), Bavding
(Embelia Ribes), Bharangi
(Clerodendrum Serratum), Bhringaraj
(Eclipta Alba), Bhuiamla
(Phyllanthus Niruri), Bhutrina
(Cymbopogon Citrastus), Bola
(Commiphora Myrrha), Brahmi
(Herpestis Monniera), Chandrashoor
(Lepidium Sativum), Chameli
(Jasminum Officinale), Chirayta
(Swertia Chirata), Chirongi
Oil (Buchanania Latifolia), Chitra
(Plumbago Zeylanica), Dadima
Beej (Punica Granatum), Dalchini (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum), Daruhaldi
(Berberis Aristate), Devdaru
(Cedrus Deodara), Dhataki
(Woodfordia Fruticosa), Draksha
(Vitis Vinifera), Gairik
(Ochre), Gajar
(Daucus Carota), Gali
Pan / Paan (Betel Pepper), Gandhpura
Oil (Gaultheria Fragrantissima), Garlic
Shuddha (Allium Sativum), Goat
Milk, Wheat
Grass Oil (Triticum Sativum), Gokharu
(Tribulus Terrestris), Gorakhganja
(Aerva Lanata), Gudmar
(Gymnema Sylvestre), Guduchi
(Tinosora Cordifolia), Gulab
(Rosa Centifolia), Gular
(Ficus Glomerata Roxb.), Hadjod
(Cissus Quadranglaris), Haldi
(Curcuma Longa), Hansraj (Adiantum Lunulatum), Harad
(Terminalia Chebula), Harshingar
(Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis), Hingu
(Ferula Ashafoetida), Honey,
Indrajaw
(Holarrhena Antidysenterica), Ispaghul
Husk (Plantago Ovata), Jaiphal
(Myristica Fragrans), Jamun
(Eugenia Jambolana), Jarul
(Lagerstroemia Flos-Reginae Retz), Jatamansi
(Nardostachys Jatamansi), Java
Kushum (Hibiscus Rosasinensis), Jeera
(Cuminum Cyminum), Jyotishmati
(Celastrus Paniculatus), Kakarsingi
(Pistacia Integerrima), Kali
Mirach (Piper Nigrum), Kallaungi
(Nigella Sativa), Kalmegh
(Andrographis Peniculata), Kantkari
(Solanum Xanthocarpum), Kapoor
(Cinnamomum Camphora), Kapoor
Tulsi (Ocimum Americanum), Karanja
(Pongamia Glabra), Karela
(Momordica Charantia), Kasni
(Cichorium Intybus), Kaunch
Beej (Mucuna Pruriens), Khadir
(Acacia Catechu), Khatmi
(Althaea Officinalis), Kiwi
(Actinidia Deliciosa), Kulattha
(Dolichos Biflorus), Kumkum/Kesar
(Crocus Sativas), Kuth
(Saussurea Costus), Kutki
(Picrorhiza Kurroa), Lajjalu
Mool (Mimosa Pudica), Laksha
(Laccifer Lacca), Lal
Chandan (Pterocarpus Santalinus), Lata
Karanj (Caesalpinia Bonducella Fleming), Lavang
(Caryophyllus Aromaticus), Lodhra
(Symplocos Racemosa), Makoy
(Solanum Nigrum), Manjishtha
(Rubia Cordifolia), Mehandi
Pan (Lawsonia Alba), Methi
(Trigonella Foenum-Graecum), Mooli
(Raphanus Sativus), Mulethi
(Glycyrrhiza Glabra), Mundi
(Sphaeranthus Indicus), Mustaka
(Cyperus Rotundus), Nagar
Moth (Cyperus Scariosus), Nagbala
(Sida Veronicaefolia), Nagkesar
(Mesua Ferrea), Naryan/Coconut
Oil (Cocos Nucifera) , Neem
(Azadirachta Indica), Nilgiri
Oil (Eucalyptus Glabulus), Nimbu
(Citrus Limon), Nirgundi
(Vitex Negundo), Nisoth
(Ipomoea Turpethum), Oyester
Shell, Padmaka
(Prunus Puddum), Palash
(Butea Frondosa), Papaya
(Carica Papaya), Pashanh
Bedh (Coleus Aromaticus), Pipal
(Ficus Religiosa), Pipli
(Piper Longum), Pitpara
(Fumaria Officinalis), Pudina
(Mentha Piperata), Punarnava
(Boerhaavia Diffusa), Pushkar
Mool (Inula Racemosa), Rama
Tulsi (Ocimum Gratissimum), Rasana
(Pluchea Lanceolata), Revand
Chini (Rheum Emodi), Roheda
(Tecomella Undulata), Rosary
Tulsi (Ocimum Canum), Saindhav
Lavan (Chloride of Sodium), Salaki
(Boswellia Serrata), Sanay
(Cassia Angustifolia), Saunf
(Foeniculum Vulgare), Sevam
(Pyrus Malus), Shankpushpi
(Convolvulus Pluricaulis), Sharpunkha
(Tephrosia Purpurea), Shatavari
(Asparagus Racemosus), Shetal
Chini (Piper Cubeba), Shigru
(Moringa Pterygosperma), Shudh Kuchla
(Strychnos Nux Vomica Linn), Shyama
Tulsi (Ocimum Tenuiflorum), Shyonak
(Oroxylum Indicum), Siras
(Albizzia Lebbeck Benth), Somlata
(Ephedra Vulgaris), Soya
Been Oil (Glycine Max), St
John's Wort Ext. (Hypericum Perforatum), Sudh
Guggul (Balsamodendron Mukul), Sudh
Shilajeet (Asphaltum Punjabinum), Sukshmela
(Elettaria Cardamomum), Suranjan
Siri (Colchicum Luteum), Svet
Chandan (Santalum Album), Svet
Moosali (Asparagus Adscenden), Tagar
(Valeriana Wallichii), Tejpatra
(Cinnamomum Tamala), Terpentine
Oil (Pinus Palustris), Til
Oil (Sesamum Indicum), Tulsi
(Ocimum Sanctum), Ulathkamal
(Ambroma Augusta), Vach
(Acorus Calamus), Vidari
(Pueraria Tuberosa), Van
Tulsi (Ocimum Basilicum), Varuna
(Crataeva Nurvala), Vijaysaar
(Pterocarpus Marsupium), Zoofa
(Hyssopus Officinalis)
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